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- Other Question (207q)
- Q1. Dissimilar weld metal cracking can be aggravated by _______....
- Q2. MIC is often characterized by _______ within pits in carbon steel....
- Q3. To prevent carburization, select alloys with a strong surface oxide or sulfide film former...
- Q4. Corrosion protection in the boiler is accomplished by laying down and continuously maintai...
- Q5. Cooling water corrosion and __________ are closely related and should be considered togeth...
- Q6. When caustic stress corrosion cracking is a concern, steam out of _________ carbon steel p...
- Q7. Which of the following are susceptible to thermal fatigue?...
- Q8. Sensitization occurs in the _____ to _______ range....
- Q9. SCC generally occurs below about _______.
- Q10. In piping and equipment, creep cracking can occur where high metal temperatures and ______...
- Q11. Since all fuels contain some amount of sulfur, sulfuric and sulfurous acid __________ can ...
- Q12. Cracks connecting hydrogen blisters are referred to as ________....
- Q13. Caustic embrittlement cracking can be effectively prevented by means of PWHT at a temperat...
- Q14. Susceptibility of an alloy to sulfidation is determined by its ability to form protective ...
- Q15. Ammonium chloride salts are hydroscopic and readily absorb water. A ________ amount of wat...
- Q16. What is the chemical symbol for propane or propylene?...
- Q17. Corrosion under insulation becomes more severe at metal temperatures between ________ and ...
- Q18. Regular and controlled carbon grades of stainless steels such as types 304/304H and 316/31...
- Q19. Susceptibility to temper embrittlement is largely determined by the presence of the alloyi...
- Q20. Galvanized steel components should not be welded to ________ due to LME....
- Q21. For furnaces, to prevent PASCC, keep the firebox heated above the dewpoint to keep _______...
- Q22. Cracks that are typically straight, non-branching, and devoid of any associated plastic de...
- Q23. Creep and stress rupture is more likely in a _________ grained material than a _______ gra...
- Q24. Inspecting for high-cycle fatigue can be difficult since:...
- Q25. Which of the following materials is affected by high temperature corrosion?...
- Q26. Which of the following materials are generally not suitable for HF service?...
- Q27. Primarily hot-wall piping and equipment in the following units can be affected by graphiti...
- Q28. _________ is surface initiated cracks caused by environmental cracking of 300 Series SS an...
- Q29. __________ is a form of stress corrosion cracking normally occurring during shutdowns, sta...
- Q30. _________ is most likely found in hard weld and heat-affected zones and in high strength c...
- Q31. Increasing the chromium in steels offers no major improvement in resistance to CO(2) corro...
- Q32. Permanent deformation occurring at relatively low stress levels as a result of localized o...
- Q33. Which of the following are susceptible to thermal fatigue?...
- Q34. Steam blanketing is when the heat flow balance is disturbed; individual bubbles join to fo...
- Q35. ______ is most likely found in hard welds and heat affected zones and in high strength com...
- Q36. Corrosion in boiler feedwater and condensate return systems is usually the result of disso...
- Q37. Cracks associated with brittle fracture will typically be _________....
- Q38. Cavitation is a form of erosion caused by the formation and instantaneous collapse of innu...
- Q39. Metallic components form a surface __________ when exposed to sulfur compounds. This may r...
- Q40. A quick test for embrittlement from _________ is a bend test or crush test. Unaffected mat...
- Q41. Sour water corrosion in _________ containing environments may be accompanied by carbonate ...
- Q42. Graphitization can be prevented by using chromium containing low alloys steels for long-te...
- Q43. With sulfuric acid corrosion, carbon steel corrosion rates increases significantly if the ...
- Q44. What standard refers to Fitness-For-Service evaluations?...
- Q45. The graphitization rate ____________ with increasing temperature...
- Q46. Which of these materials exhibit an endurance limit below which fatigue cracking will not ...
- Q47. The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or applied) where the material exhibits l...
- Q48. The primary factors affecting high temperature oxidation are metal temperature and _______...
- Q49. The "L" grade of stainless steels will sensitize if exposed more than several hours above ...
- Q50. Cavitation is best prevented by avoiding conditions that allow the absolute pressure to fa...
- Q51. Cavitation is best prevented by avoiding conditions that allow the absolute pressure to fa...
- Q52. Amine units are used in refineries to remove H²S, CO² and _________ from process streams o...
- Q53. With sulfuric acid corrosion, mix points with _______ cause heat to be released and high c...
- Q54. Refractory anchors must be resistant to __________ in high temperature services....
- Q55. Resistance to sulfidation increases as the:
- Q56. Carbonate cracking typically propagates _________ to the weld; the pattern of cracking obs...
- Q57. Hydriding of titanium is a metallurgical phenomenon in which hydrogen diffuses into the ti...
- Q58. Metal dusting is preceded by ________ and is characterized by rapid metal wastage....
- Q59. Amine cracking has been reported down to ambient temperatures with some amines. __________...
- Q60. Fatigue cracks usually initiate on the surface at notches or __________ under cyclic loadi...
- Q61. Protection in a boiler from boiler feed water corrosion is accomplished by:...
- Q62. Proper application of ________ will control but not eliminate microbes that cause MIC so t...
- Q63. Vibration-induced fatigue can be eliminated or reduced through _________ and the use of su...
- Q64. __________ are the most common type of equipment susceptible to carburization in the refin...
- Q65. 300 Series SS can be used for sour water service at temperatures below ____________, where...
- Q66. Naphthenic acid corrosion is most severe in _________ flow; in areas of high velocity or t...
- Q67. When caustic stress corrosion cracking is a concern, steam out of _________ carbon steel p...
- Q68. Cracking can occur at low caustic levels if a concentrating mechanism is present. In such ...
- Q69. The accepted way to test for temper embrittlement is ________....
- Q70. With CUI, corrosion rates __________ with increasing metal temperatures up to the point wh...
- Q71. Stainless steel cyclones, piping ductwork and valves in high temperature FCC regeneration ...
- Q72. Refractory anchor material must be compatible with the _________ of the base metal...
- Q73. Thermal fatigue becomes of concern if the temperature swings exceed:...
- Q74. Alloys with nickel content above _________ are highly resistant to Cl SCC. The greatest su...
- Q75. Damage from sigma phase appears in the form of ________....
- Q76. The removal of surface material by impacting materials is called:...
- Q77. High temperature hydrogen attack results from exposure to hydrogen at elevated temperature...
- Q78. Cooling water corrosion can result in many different forms of damage including general cor...
- Q79. Damage from sigma phase appears in the form of ________....
- Q80. All piping and equipment exposed to HF acid at any concentration with hardness levels abov...
- Q81. Thermal fatigue damage is in the form of cracking that may occur anywhere in a metallic co...
- Q82. __________ is a form of damage found mostly in older vintage carbon steels and C-0.5 Mo lo...
- Q83. Which if the following materials are not susceptible to hydrogen stress cracking?...
- Q84. __________ is a change in the microstructure of steels after exposure in the 850(o) F to 1...
- Q85. _________ material sections also have a ___________ resistance to brittle fracture due to ...
- Q86. In design and fabrication, it is advisable to avoid sharp changes in cross section, such a...
- Q87. In HF service, carbon steel operating above ________ should be closely monitored for loss ...
- Q88. Annealed steels are more resistant to Spheroidization than normalized steels. _________ gr...
- Q89. A 6", A106 Gr B, flanged line carrying caustic wash water at 200º F has signs of atmospher...
- Q90. Which of the following is not a primary factor contributing to erosion-corrosion?...
- Q91. The presence of ________ in H2S streams increases the severity of high temperature sulfide...
- Q92. Which of the following is not a critical factor that contributes to a brittle fracture?...
- Q93. Which of these materials is susceptible to 885º F embrittlement?...
- Q94. With short term overheating, time to failure will ___________ as internal pressures or loa...
- Q95. 300 Series SS, 5Cr, 9Cr and 12Cr alloys are not susceptible to ________ at conditions norm...
- Q96. At a given pressure, the H(2)S concentration in the sour water _________ as temperature __...
- Q97. The removal of a material's protective scale by impacting materials is called:...
- Q98. Stainless steels have higher coefficients of thermal expansion than carbon steel or low al...
- Q99. With HF acid corrosion, oxygen contamination _________ the corrosion rate of carbon steel ...
- Q100. With sulfuric acid corrosion, the presence of oxidizers can _______ the corrosion rate....
- Q101. Temperature, ________ and stress are critical factors of stress rupture. This is usually f...
- Q102. Decarburization results in a __________, which can be confirmed by hardness testing....
- Q103. Refractory lined equipment should be designed for erosion, thermal shock and __________....
- Q104. Which of the following is not a critical factor that contributes to a brittle fracture?...
- Q105. Temper embrittlement is a metallurgical change that is not readily apparent and can be con...
- Q106. Improved resistance to erosion is usually achieved through increasing substrate ________ u...
- Q107. Creep and stress rupture is more likely in a _________ grained material than a _______ gra...
- Q108. Which of the following alkanolamine systems is the most aggressive in causing amine corros...
- Q109. Susceptibility to hydrogen stress cracking __________ with __________ hardness....
- Q110. The presence of _________ can destabilize the scale and turn it into a nonprotective scale...
- Q111. Exposure to high solution strength caustic can result in general corrosion or high corrosi...
- Q112. Ammonium chloride salts are hydroscopic and readily absorb water. A ________ amount of wat...
- Q113. Although the loss of toughness from temper embrittlement is not evident at operating tempe...
- Q114. ______ is similar to HIC but is a potentially more damaging form of cracking which appears...
- Q115. With sulfuric acid corrosion, mix points with _______ cause heat to be released and high c...
- Q116. In vessels and piping, creep cracking can occur where high metal temperatures and ________...
- Q117. Carbon steel and low alloy steels are subject to excessive hydrochloric acid corrosion whe...
- Q118. Many thermal fatigue cracks are filled with:
- Q119. Cooling water corrosion is a concern with water-cooled __________ and cooling towers in al...
- Q120. Which of the following materials is susceptible to CO² corrosion?...
- Q121. ___________ is the result of cyclic stresses caused by variations in temperature....
- Q122. With chloride stress corrosion cracking, __________ temperatures ________ the susceptibili...
- Q123. Corrosion rates of the anode will be less affected if there is a _________ anode to cathod...
- Q124. A form of thermal cracking, __________, can occur when high and nonuniform thermal stresse...
- Q125. ______ is most likely found in hard welds and heat affected zones and in high strength com...
- Q126. In pressure containing equipment, SOHIC and SCC damage is most often associated with _____...
- Q127. Carbonate SCC can occur at relatively low levels of ________ but usually occurs at welds t...
- Q128. With sulfidation, the presence of oxygen ________ corrosion...
- Q129. A form of corrosion that can occur at the junction of dissimilar metals when they are join...
- Q130. Steam blanketing is when the heat flow balance is disturbed; individual bubbles join to fo...
- Q131. Nitriding is usually confined to the surface of most components and will have a dull, ____...
- Q132. When carbon is absorbed into a material at elevated temperatures while in contact with a c...
- Q133. Hydrogen blisters may form as surface bulges on the ID, the OD on within the wall thicknes...
- Q134. Which of the following materials are the least susceptible to caustic embrittlement?...
- Q135. With cooling water corrosion, _________ oxygen content tends to ________ carbon steel corr...
- Q136. SSC is a form of ________ stress corrosion cracking....
- Q137. A prime location for erosion is:
- Q138. __________ is a form of cracking that results when certain molten metals come in contact w...
- Q139. Cl SCC usually occurs at metal temperatures above ________....
- Q140. The level of creep damage is a function of the material and the coincident _________ level...
- Q141. In HF service, carbon steel forms a protective _________ scale in dry concentrated acid. L...
- Q142. Carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion results when CO2 dissolves in water to form ________....
- Q143. A fatigue fracture is brittle and the cracks are most often __________....
- Q144. In order to minimize and prevent amine SCC, PWHT all carbon steel welds in accordance with...
- Q145. Thermal fatigue is caused by:
- Q146. MIC is often found in _________, bottom water of storage tanks, piping with stagnant or lo...
- Q147. Amine cracking is ________ likely to occur in lean MEA and DEA services than in MDEA and D...
- Q148. Corrosion rates of the anode can be high if there is a _______ anode to cathode ratio....
- Q149. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux is used, ________ can be charged into the ...
- Q150. __________ testing is the best method to determine the susceptibility of a material to hyd...
- Q151. Mitigation of CUI is best achieved by _________....
- Q152. Stress levels and __________ are the critical factors causing carbonate stress corrosion c...
- Q153. The sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or applied) where the material exhibits l...
- Q154. SCC usually occurs at pH values above two (2). SCC tendency __________ toward the alkaline...
- Q155. Spheroidization and graphitization are competing mechanisms that occur at overlapping temp...
- Q156. A loss in ductility of high strength steels due to the penetration of atomic hydrogen can ...
- Q157. Dissimilar weld metal cracking occurs because the coefficients of thermal expansion betwee...
- Q158. ___________ cooling water outlet temperatures and/or process side outlet temperatures tend...
- Q159. Corrosion under insulation is more severe between ________ and ____________....
- Q160. ________ is a loss in toughness due to a metallurgical change that can occur in alloys con...
- Q161. ___________ cracking has been a major problem in coke drum shells....
- Q162. Sigma phase occurs in Ferritic, martensitic, austenitic and duplex stainless steels when e...
- Q163. Type 304L SS is satisfactory for phosphoric acid concentration of 100% up to about _______...
- Q164. SCC generally occurs below about _______.
- Q165. The dewpoint of hydrochloric acid depends on the concentration of hydrogen chloride. It is...
- Q166. Stresses acting on the weldments are significantly ________ when austenitic stainless stee...
- Q167. 300 Series SS, 400 Series SS and duplex SS are subject to pitting and localized corrosion ...
- Q168. With Cl SCC, ________ levels of chloride ________ the likelihood of cracking....
- Q169. __________ are the most common type of equipment susceptible to carburization in the refin...
- Q170. Which of the following materials are subject to mechanical fatigue?...
- Q171. __________ is usually found in aqueous environments or services where water is sometimes o...
- Q172. _________ is a form of carburization resulting in accelerated localized pitting which occu...
- Q173. Units where graphitization may be suspected are the FCCU and the _____ unit....
- Q174. _________ of the amine system is the most effective way to prevent amine corrosion....
- Q175. Which of the following is not a prime candidate for thermal fatigue?...
- Q176. Components that have been carburized may have a change in the level of ________....
- Q177. Non-stressed relieved __________ is susceptible to stress corrosion cracking when in conta...
- Q178. Corrosion of the anode may be significantly higher ________ to the connection to the catho...
- Q179. Titanium Hydriding damage occurs primarily in sour water strippers and amine units in the ...
- Q180. Which of these materials are not susceptible to PASCC?...
- Q181. If wet electrodes or high moisture content flux weld electrodes are used to weld carbon st...
- Q182. Corrosion under insulation is more severe between ________ and ____________....
- Q183. Conditions favoring carburization include a high gas phase carbon activity and _______ oxy...
- Q184. Graphitization can be prevented by using chromium containing low alloys steels for long-te...
- Q185. _________ is the sudden rapid fracture under stress (residual or applied) where the materi...
- Q186. For a specific material, HTHA is dependent on temperature, hydrogen partial pressure, time...
- Q187. Steel hardness, __________ and stress are critical factors in causing hydrogen stress crac...
- Q188. _________ is surface initiated cracks caused by environmental cracking of 300 Series SS an...
- Q189. For 5Cr-0.5Mo, what is the threshold temperature for creep?...
- Q190. Carbon steel is susceptible to SCC when used in ___________ service....
- Q191. Hydrogen stress cracking is the same mechanism that is responsible for sulfide stress corr...
- Q192. In most cases, brittle fracture occurs only at temperatures below the Charpy impact transi...
- Q193. With creep, increased stress due to loss in thickness from corrosion will ________ time to...
- Q194. Which of the following are affected by sulfidation?...
- Q195. Sulfidation of iron-based alloys usually begins at metal temperatures above _____....
- Q196. Temperature, ________ and stress are critical factors of stress rupture. This is usually f...
- Q197. The presence of _________ can destabilize the scale and turn it into a nonprotective scale...
- Q198. For galvanic corrosion to take place, three conditions must be met, presence of an electro...
- Q199. Cooling water corrosion can result in many different forms of damage including general cor...
- Q200. Which of these materials is not susceptible to amine cracking?...
- Q201. Temper embrittlement _________ be prevented if the material contains critical levels of th...
- Q202. ________ is a form of erosion caused by the formation and instantaneous collapse of innume...
- Q203. Carburization can be confirmed by a substantial increase in hardness and a _______ in duct...
- Q204. Equipment that is temper embrittled may be susceptible to _______ during start-up and shut...
- Q205. Different organisms thrive on different nutrients including inorganic substances (Sulfur, ...
- Q206. _________ is a mechanical form of degradation that occurs when a component is exposed to c...
- Q207. Carbonate stress corrosion cracking is the term applied to surface breaking or cracks that...
